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ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY, 




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T TO FOWLE’S OUTLINE MAPS. 



BY WILLIAM B. FOWLE. 




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AN 

ELEMENTAKY GEOGRAPHY; 

BEING ALSO A 

KEY 

TO THE 


NEW SEEIES OE OUTLINE MAPS 



BOSTON: 

WILLIAM B. FOWLE, 


No. 13SI Washington Street, 


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PEEF ACE. 



Outline Maps were at first made for the purpose of reviewing in 
a class such pupils as had studied the lesson separately on common 
maps where the names are given ; but, of late, many excellent teachers 
have thought that the first lessons in geography can he better taught 
by using Outline Maps, with a Key, and with much oral instruction, 
than in the old way, — with a book and atlas. 

This Key unites both methods, for it is not only a Key, but an 
Elementary Geography, also. When more particulars are wanted, 
the larger geography of the author may be used to advantage, and 
by its aid any additions can be made to the Outline Maps. 

In preparing this series of maps, the author has aimed to make a 
correct outline of the several countries, — to make it a very bold and 
distinct outline, — and to confine the outline to the great and impor- 
tant features of the earth. 

If the outline is less particular than any teacher desires, he can 
easily add what he pleases, after the great outline is familiar to the 




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umii'jinmPBi 


PREFACE. 


pupil, but it is not so easy to teach beginners when the map is 
crowded, and the mind confused by the multitude of objects. 

This series is intended for Common District Schools. Besides the 
eight general maps, the school should have a large outline map of the 
particular State in which it is situated. The author has already 
prepared a very superior outline map of Massachusetts, and should 
the series be adopted in any other State, a separate map of that State 
will be prepared, to match the rest of the series, and to be sold 
separately to those who own the series. 

Directions for using the maps are given in the Key. 


W. B. F. 




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I- 


ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY, 


AND 


KEY. 


THE EARTH OR GLOBE. 

NO. 1. 


WEST. 





EAST. 


The teacher should first give the child some idea of the world on 
wlrich he lives ; and, if lie has not an artificial globe, or even if he 
has one, he may take a wooden ball, or any other round body through 
which a hole can be made, and then, in familiar conversation, he may 
proceed somewhat in the following manner. 

We live on the surface or outside of the Earth, 
which is a large ball as round as an orange. 





6 


ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 




On the title of this book is a picture of the Sun, 
the Earth, and the Moon. The Earth moves round 
the Sun, and the Moon moves round the Earth. 

Men live on the outside of the Earth, and they do 
not fall off, because the great Earth draws every 
thing towards itself 

Show the first picture, page 5. 

If the teacher can procure a small magnet^ he can illustrate the 
attraction of the Earth, by attracting smaller bodies. If he can 
borrow a magnet, he can make another from it in a few minutes, as 
follows: Take a small bar of steel, (not iron,) — a very coarse 
knitting-needle will do, — hold it by the middle, and draw one end 
of the magnet from the middle to one end of the steel, about twenty 
or thirty times ; then draw the other end of the magnet from the 
middle to the other end of the steel, as many more times. The new 
magnet will then draw needles or small pieces of iron towards it, and 
will retain the power a long time. 

Besides moving round the sun once a year, the 
Earth turns itself round once every day. . 

Show them, by rolling a ball on the table, how the Earth rolls 
round also as it goes forward. 

Let the teacher now put a wire or stick through the ball or apple, 
and spin it from his left hand to his right. If it be evening, he may 
place the lamp on the right of the ball, and show the pupil that day 
and night are caused by this spinning of the earth, and the line of 
day and night, or of light and darkness, is constantly travelling over 
the globe, making morning and evening as it goes. 


QUESTIONS TO LESSON I. 

1. On what do we live ? 

2. What is the shape of the Earth? 






AND KEY. 7 

3. What does the Earth move round ? 

4. What moves round the Earth ? 

5. On what part of the Earth do men live ? 

6. What keeps us from falling off this great ball 
when it turns round ? 

7. How. often does the Earth go round the Sun? 

8. How often does the Earth turn itself round ? 

9. Why is half of the world always light, and half 
always dark? 

10. What is the meaning of day and night? 


LESSON IL 

The Earth always turns in the same direction; 
and, of course, two spots on opposite sides must be 
almost still, while the rest of the Earth moves round 
them, as the' ball moves round the wire or stick. 

The teacher may stick pins into the ball, and let the child see how 
much faster those half way between the two turning points move, 
than those do near the turning points, and yet they are just as long 
in going entirely round. 

The two points on which the Earth turns are 
called the Poles. 

The child may be told that God made the world and turned it 
round at first, and still keeps it turning on nothing, in one and the 
same direction, just as invariably as if it turned upon a pole or stick. 







i rjui. .ai mwrmn 


1 


AND KEY. 


4. Face the North; the East; the South; the West. 

5. Which way do you face when you face the 
rising sun? 

6. When you face the North, on which hand will 
the sun rise ? On which will it set ? 

7. Which way is your house from the school-house ? 

8. Before noon which way do shadows fall ? 

9. Which way do shadows lean in the afternoon ? 

10. What part of the Earth, or of a ball, turns the 
fastest ? 

11. What two points almost stand still? 

12 . In what direction does the Earth turn ? 


LESSON III. 

# 

A line drawn round the Earth, as far from one 
pole as from the other, is called the Equator. 

The teacher may let the pupil hold a pencil or piece of chalk mid- 
way between the poles of the wooden ball, and mark an equator 
while the ball is turned round. Tell the child, also, that the equator 
is drawn there to measure from, if you go north or south of it ; and 
to measure on, if you go east or west. 

A very pretty exercise consists in drawing a circle and marking 
the 'equator and poles. This may be correctly done on slate or 
paper, without any instrument but the fingers and pencil. Hold the 
pencil between the thumb and the end joint of the fore finger, — the* 
handle of the pencil being under the fingers, and pointing towards 
the little finger. Then press the fore finger nail hard on the slate 


I 




10 


ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 


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or paper. If paper is under, turn it round with your left hand. If 
a slate is used, lay the slate on the spread fingers of your left hand, 
press hard on it with your fore finger nail as before, twist the slate 
to the right, and the pencil (without marking) to the left, as far as 
you can, and then begin to mark as you twist them back again. 
After the circle is made, dot a centre ; dot the poles ; draw the 
equator between them ; draw a line from pole to pole. To draw 
parallels of latitude, keep the equator over the line you wish to draw. 
To draw meridians, hold the poles horizontally, and draw from left 
to right, resting the hand on the wrist. 

Distance measured north from any part of the 
equator, is called North Latitude ; and distance 
measured south from any part of the equator, is 
called South Latitude. 

The teacher, with a globe, or map of the world, may point at a 
few places north and south of the equator, »and ask whether they are 
in north or south latitude. 

Distance or measurement lengthwise of the equator, 
from west to east, or from east to west, is called 
Longitude. 

The teacher may, with a globe or a map of the world, show how 
latitude and longitude are reckoned, and even explain the figures at 
the meridians on the equator, or at the parallels on the meridians. 
He must, however, be guided by the age of the child. 

A Map is a drawing of the round Earth, or a part 
of it, on a flat surface, like paper, 

To draw the whole Earth, it is necessary to cut it in halves, as in 
the following picture. 







fi 




NO. 2. 



show how Map No. 4, on page 16, is drawn. It is better, however, to 
have his wooden ball sawed in two, and secured by a hook or pin 
on one side of the equator, so that it can be opened on a hinge at 
the opposite side. If the ball is painted white, an outline of the 
continents may be drawn on it mth pencil or ink. . 

Half of the Earth is called a Hemisphere. The 
eastern half is called the Eastern Hemisphere, and 
the western half the Western He7nispJiere. 

QUESTIONS TO LESSON in. 

1. Where is the Equator drawn on the Earth? 

2. What is distance north of the Equator called? 

3. AVhat is distance south of the Equator called ? 

4. What is Longitude ? 


ir^ 
12 




ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 


5. What is the difference between a Map and a 
Globe ? 

6. What is half a globe oi ball called ? 

7. What is the eastern half of the globe called ^ 

8. What is the western half called? 


NO. 3, 



The surface of the Earth consists of Land and 
Water, and there is much more water than land. 


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AND KEY. 


13 


After the pupil is familiar with the fancy map, either hemisphere 
may be taken, and the description of a continent read, and the con- 
tinents pointed out. Next, take Islands^ and point them put ; and so 
describe and point out every division of land and water, making the 
child acquainted with the things^ without any regard, at present, 
to their proper names. 

DIVISIONS OF LAND. 

The largest connected portions of land are called 

Continents. 

Land entirely surrounded hy water is called an 

Island. 

Land almost surrounded by water is called a 

Peninsula. 

The strip of land that prevents a peninsula from 
being an island, is called an Isthmus. 

Points of land running into the water are called 

Capes. 

Very high Hills are called Mountains. A burning 
mountain is called a Volcano. 

« 

DIVISIONS OF water. 

Large bodies of water between the continents are 
called Oceans. 

Large bodies of water surrounded by land are 
called Lakes. Small lakes are called Ponds. 





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14 


ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 



Large bodies of water nearly surrounded by land 
are called Seas. 

The narrow passage that prevents a sea from 
being surrounded by land is called a Strait. 

Water running far into the land, with , a wide 
mouth, is called a Bay or Gulf. 

A stream of water running through the land is 
called a River if it is large, and a Brook if it is 
small. 

Two or more streams that unite to form a large river are called 
its Sources; but all that afterwards run into the river are called 
Branches, 


Divisions of Land. 

Continents, 

Islands, 

Peninsulas, 

Isthmuses, 

Capes, 

Mountains or Hills. 


Divisions of Walter. 

Oceans, 

Lakes and Ponds, 
Seas, 

Straits, 

Bays or Gulfs. 
Rivers or Brooks. 


The teacher may impress the divisions of land and water upon 
the pupil’s mind, by showing him that continents are to land what 
oceans are to water. So islands correspond to lakes ; peninsulas to 
Seas ; isthmuses to straits, and capes to gulfs or bays. 

Be sure to teach children that rivers run from high land down hill 
into the sea. Let them find mountains on maps, and follow to their 
mouths such rivers as run from them. 

Ask them if they ever saAv an island, a cape, a pond, a river, &c. 
The author has found many advanced children, who had never, as 



awn 







they supposed, seen a peninsula, although they had always lived in 
Boston or Charlestown, both of which are peninsulas. 


QUESTIONS TO LESSON IV. 





1 . What is a Continent? 2. An Island? 3. A 
Peninsula ? 4, An Isthmus ? 5. A Cape ? 6. A 

Mountain ? 7. What is a burning mountain called ? 

8. What is an Ocean? 9. A Lake? 10. What 
are small lakes called ? 11. What is a Sea? 12. A 
Strait? 13. A Bay or Gulf? 14. A River? 15. What 
is a small river called? 


If the teacher has done his duty thus far, the pupil has a general 
idea of the whole world ; he knows how it is cut into hemispheres, 
and how these are represented on maps. He also knows how to 
distinguish land from water, and what the different divisions of each 
are called. Now the teacher may place the map of the Western 
Hemisphere before the class, and point out the following things, 
naming and describing them, according to the above directions : 


ON THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE. 


A. The grand division of North America. 


B. The grand division of South America. North 


and South America form the Western Continent. 


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North Pole. NO. 4. North Pole. 


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AND KEY. 


17 


C. The grand division of Polynesia. 

D. Part of the grand division of Asia. 

E. The Atlantic Ocean. 

F. The Pacific Ocean. 

G. The Arctic Ocean. 

H. The Antarctic Ocean. 

I. The Equator. 

This exercise may be called learning the lesson, and the teacher 
who has not time to drill a class thoroughly, may sometimes usefully 
employ a higher class in pointing out the lesson to beginners. No 
assistance of this sort must be made a substitute for the instruction 
of the teacher, but a large amount of useful practice maybe obtained 
in this way, to impress the instruction of the teacher upon the 
memory. 

When every thing referred to by the figures and letters has been 
pointed out and named by the teacher, he may point out the same 
things, and require the pupils to name them, and he may ask ques- 
tions like the following : 


What grand divisions of the earth are on the West- 
ern Hemisphere ? 

What name is given to the northern half of the 
Western Continent ? What name to the southern 
half? 

What ocean is between America and Polynesia ? 
Which way from America does Polynesia lie ? 



K'^r’.’saeuP' tm a ca ' Btu J.imcaBpaaTCi 


18 


ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 


What part of America does Asia approach most 
nearly ? 

What ocean lies east of the Western Continent 1 
What ocean west of it ? What north ? What south ? 

What grand division does the equator cross ? 

What ocean surrounds the north pole ? What the 
south pole ? 

[Show on a globe how the oceans surround the poles, and how 
they divide the continents.^ 


ON THE EASTERN HEMISPHERE. 

Let the teacher point out and name the objects as before, describ- 
ing them so as to interest the children in them. 


A. Europe. 

B. Asia. 

C. Africa. 

D. Australasia. 

E. Atlantic Ocean. 


F. Pacific Ocean. 

G. Arctic Ocean. 

H. Antarctic Ocean. 

I. Indian Ocean. 

J. Equator. 


Then let him point and require the class to name, and, perhaps, 
describe. Let the following, and many other questions of a general 
nature, be asked : * 

Which grand divisions are on the Eastern Conti- 
nent 1 



AND KEY. 


19 


Which are east of the Atlantic Ocean 1 

Which west of the Pacific Ocean ? 

Which ocean separates Africa and Australasia ? 

What is north of Europe and Asia ? 

What ocean surrounds the south pole ? 

Which way does Europe lie from Asia? From 
Africa ? 

Which way does Australasia lie from Asia ? What 
oceans is it between ? 

Now let the teacher place both the Eastern and Western Hemi- 
spheres before the class, and try to explain the real position of the 
countries, by the aid of a globe, if possible. Such questions as the 
following may be asked afterwards : 

Which way does Europe lie from N. America ? 

Which way does S. America lie from Africa ? 

Which way does Asia lie from N. America ? 

Which way does Australasia lie from Polynesia ? 

Which way does S. America lie from Polynesia ? 

What grand division does the equator cross ? 

Which of these grand divisions lie north of the equa- 
tor ? 

THE CIRCLES. 

If the teacher pleases, he may now call the attention of the pupils 
to the Circles and their uses. 

The reason for drawing the Equator where it is, is 
given on page 9. The Tropics mark the lines beyond 




20 


ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 


which the sun never appears to go north or south. 
The hottest portion of the earth is the strip between 
the tropics, because, at some period of the year, the 
sun is directly over the head of every person residing 
on it. This strip between them, surrounding the earth, 
as must be shown upon a globe or ball, is called the 
Torrid Zone ; Torrid meaning hot, and Zone — Belt or 
Girdle. 

Those portions of the earth, north of the Arctic 
Circle, and south of the Antarctic, are called the 
Frigid Zones ; the word Frigid meaning Cold^ or 
Frozen. 

The Frigid Zones are not properly belts, as maybe 
shown on the globe or ball. 

The strips or belts between the Polar circles and 
the Tropics are called the Temperate Zones, because 
they are neither extremely hot, like the torrid zone, 
nor extremely cold, like the frigid zones. 

The pupils may now be asked in what zone each of the Continents, 
Grand Divisions, and Oceans is situated. The teacher may point 
to any island, or other place, and ask the same question. A gen- 
eral idea of climates and seasons may be given, if the pupils are 
somewhat advanced. Very young children will understand these 
things by the aid of .Cornell’s New Globe. 


This general idea of the globe seems to the author to be all that 
is needed at present ; but, should any teacher think otherwise, he 
can turn to page 70, where further questions on the hemispheres are 


given. 

O 




AND KEY. 


21 


MASSACHUSETTS 


If the school is furnished with' an Outline Map of the State in 
which it is situated, this is the time and place for giving the class a 
general lesson on it. The author’s Outline Map of Massachusetts has 
a Key of its own, and maps of other States may be chalked on the 
blackboard with sufficient accuracy for a general lesson, like the fob 
lo\ying on Massachusetts, which is given for the use of Massachusetts 
children, and as a model for teachers of other States. Instead of 
names on the blackboard, the teacher may put letters or figures. 

Having given the child a general idea of the globe, the teacher 
may now give him a general idea of the State of Massachusetts. 
But, if the school be not in Massachusetts, and the teacher has no 
Outline Map of his own State, he must chalk a mere outline on a 
blackboard, and ask such general questions as these on Massachu- 
setts. 


And first let him familiarly call the attention of the child to the 
shape of Massachusetts, which is not unlike that of a s/ioe. Amuse 


NO. 6 

jyeu/ Hamlimire^ 




Connecticut, 





ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 



him by asking what State is at the heel ? what under the heel ? 
what under the centre ? what two States over the shoe ? what j>art 
of the shoe is in the water ? Avhat on the strap ? &c. 

Now explain to the child the meaning of a County, To do this, 
nmke him use the knowledge he possesses. Ask him what town he 
lives in ? what village or parish he lives in ? how many villages or 
parishes are in the town ? Then call his attention to the scattered 
liouses. Tell him that the town has been measured all round, and 
touches other towns on every side. Tell him that all other towns do 
the same, and several such tov/ns united form a County^ and several 
counties form the State. 

Let him draw, as well as he can, an outline of the State of Massa- 
chusetts, without marking the counties. When he can do this pretty 
correctly, let him try to mark off the counties, or make them one 
at a time, beginning at Berkshire. In the mean time, show him the 
map of the county to which his own town belongs, and ask him, and, 
if necessary, show him, what counties touch it on the north, east, 
south, and west. 

Massachusetts contains 307 towns and 14 counties, 
which, according to their population, are as follows. 


1. Middlesex, 

2 . Suffolk, 

3. Worcester, 

4. Essex, 

5. Bristol, 


f5. Norfolk, 

7. Plymouth, 

8. Berkshire, 

9. Hampden, 

10. Barnstable, 


11. Hampshire, 

12. Franklin, 

13. Nantucket. 

14. Dukes. 


1. What does the State of Massachusetts resemble 
in shape? 

2. Wliat are united to form a town ? 


rzxrsBSi 












AND KEY. 


25 


1. What is the largest river in Massachusetts ? 

2 . What counties does it cross ? 

3. In what direction does it run ? 

4. What river runs through Middlesex and Essex? 

5. From what State does it come into Massa- 
chusetts ? 

6. What river is in Berkshire ? 

7. In what direction does it run ? 

8. Which of the three great rivers rises in Mas- 
sachusetts ? V “ / 

9. Which has its mouth in this State ? 

10. What are the two chief capes? 

11. In what counties are they? 

12. What bay lies between them? 

13. What island is also a county? 

14. What large island in Dukes county? 

15. Which way does it lie from Nantucket? 

16. Where is the chief peninsula of Massachusetts? 

17. Where is Buzzard’s Bay? 


SPECIAL DIRECTION. 

If the teacher now thinks it best to make the pupil acquainted 
with the towns of Massachusetts, before he acquires a little more 
general knowledge of the World, he can take the Map and Ke^^, 
where particular information in regard to every town is given. 






AND KEY. 



MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Now is the proper time to make the pupil acquainted with his mon 
State, If he resides in Massachusetts, the great Outline Map, which 
has been prepared by the author, should be used, if possible ; and 
this has a separate key of its own. If separate maps of the other 
New England States should be prepared, a separate key will be fur- 
nished. 

If it be asked why a separate map of every State is not given, the 

answer is, that all which a child should learn and be expected to 

remember of other States than his own, can be learned on the Map 

of the United States, which comes next. , 

* • 

■ r 

If it be further a^ked, why does not the Map of the United States 
include all the territories ? the reply is, that an outline of such as are 
not on the Map of the U. States is on the Map of N. America. 
Their mere location is all that a child needs to learn of them, and by 
excluding them from the Map of the U. States, the scale of this map 
is enabled to be nearly four times as great as it would be, were those 
desolate territories introduced. 

The United States- are bounded North by Canada, 
marked C ; East by New Brunswick, marked B, and 
the Atlantic Ocean, marked A; South by the Gulf of 
Mexico, marked M ; and West by the Pacific Ocean, 
marked B on the Map of N. America, and F on the 
Map of the Western Hemisphere. 

After pointing out the above objects, ask — 

What country do the United States lie south of? 



28 


ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 


What ocean are they west of? 

What guif are they north of ? 

What are they east of ? 

What large bodies of water lie between the United 
States and Canada ? 

>1 

Direction First. Let the child learn the names of the States, 
by being told the name when the State is pointed at. The teacher 
must be careful that the child does not merely learn the list of States 
according to their numbers, hy rote^ without regard to the shape or 
situation of each State. 

Second. After the Tiames and numbers are thus learned, the child 
may he required to tell how each State is bounded ; first, while 
looking on the blackboard, and afterwards from memory. A very 
capital exercise is, to let one child chalk one State, say Maine ; let 
another add to it New Hampshire ; a third, Vermont ; a fourth, 
Massachusetts ; and so on, till all are chalked. Do not require any 
thing but the outline of each State at first, and do not expect the 
first attempts to be very perfect. 

Third. When the pupils are familiar with the States, let the 
teacher add the mountains and then the rivers to the map, pointing 
to each, and naming it, according to the list given in this book. 
Then take the lakes, hays, capes, and other divisions of land and 
water. 

Fourth. When the natural features of the United States, and 
the boundaries, are thus made familiar, the teacher may mark the 
towns, one at a time, making a square for the capitals, and a dot for 
the others, and going over them many times. 



t 

I 



AND KEY. 

29 

1 

TABLE. 

1 

1 * ' B 

I In the following Table, which is a Key to the Map, the States are | 

arranged according to their population. The largest town is printed 
in italic type. Sometimes the capital is also the largest town. 

\ 

1 States. 

Capitals. 

Largest Towns. 

[ Neiv York, 

1 1. New York, 

Albany, < 

^ Rochester, 
[ Buffalo. 

2. Pennsylvania, 

Harrisburg, 

) Philadelphia, 
> Pittsburg. 

3. Ohio, 

Columbus, 

Cincinnati, 

4. Virginia, 

Richmond^ 

Wheehng. 

5. Tennessee, 

Nashville, 


1 6. Kentucky, 

Frankfort, 

Louisville, 

7. North Carolina, 

Raleigh, 

Neivbern, 

8. Massachusetts, 

Boston^ < 

Lowell, 

Salem. 

j 9. Georgia, 

Augusta, 

Savannah, 

1 10. Indiana, 

Indianapolis, 

I 11. South Carolina, 

Columbia, 

Charleston, 

1 12. Alabama, 

Tuscaloosa, 

Mobile. 

13. Maine, 

Augusta, Portland, Bangor. 

14. Illinois, 

Springfield, 

Chicago, 

15. Maryland, 

Annapolis, 

Baltimore, 





States. 

Capitals. 

Largest Towns. 

16. Missouri, 

Jefferson, 

St, Louis, 

17. Mississippi, 

Jackson, 

Natchez, 

18. New Jersey, 

Trenton, 


19. Louisiana, 

Baton Rouge, 

New Orleans, 

20. Connecticut, 

Hartford, 

New Haven, 

21. Vermont, 

Montpelier, 

Burlington, 

22. New Hampshire, 

Concord, 

Portsmouth, 

2e3. Michigan, 

Lansing, 

Detroit, 

24. Rhode Island, 

Providence^ 

Newport. 

25. Arkansas, 

Little Rock, 

26. Delaware, 

Dover, 


27. Florida, 

Tallahassee, 

Pensacola, 

28. Iowa, 

Iowa City, 

Burlington, 

29. Texas, 

Austin, 


30. Wisconsin, 

Madison., 

Milwaukie. 

Territories. 

Capitals. 

Largest Towns. 

a. Columbia District, 

Washington. 


^ No considerable towns, 
c. Minesota. S 


d. Oregon, 

e. California, 

f. New Mexico, 

Oregon City. ^ 
Monterey, > 

Santa P'e, ) 

See Map of 
N. America. 


After gorngf over the States and Territories several times, by 
pointing at them, or calling their number or letter, questions like 
the following may be asked : 

What States are north of Massachusetts? South of it? \Vhat 
State lies west of it ? What Ocean east of it? 


n 




AND KEY. 


31 


What State is north of Florida ? Of Georgia ? Of Tennessee ? 
Of Kentucky ? Of Ohio and Indiana ? Of Illinois ? 

What State is north of Louisiana ? Of Arkansas ? Of Missouri ? 
What east of Illinois ? Of Indiana ? Of Ohio ? Of Pennsylvania ? 

What State lies west of South Carolina? Of Georgia? Of 
Mississippi ? Of Louisiana ? 

What State lies north of South Carolina ? Of North Carolina ? 
Of Virginia ? Of Maryland ? Of Pennsylvania ? 

What State lies south of Wisconsin? Of Illinois? Of Ken- 
tucky ? Of Tennessee ? Of Georgia and Alabama ? 

What District between Maryland and Virginia? 

What Territory north of Iowa? West of Missouri? West of 
Texas? What two on the Pacific Ocean? 

The teacher will perceive that similar questions may be asked 
from the map, or from memory, till the child is perfectly familiar 
with the location of the States. In fact, all such questions may be 
asked while the pupils are learning the map, according to the Four 
Directions before given. 


1. Alleghany, 

2. White, 


MOUNTAINS. 

3. Green, 

4. Catskill, 


5. Cumberland, 

6. Ozark. 

In what direction do the Alleghanies run ? Name some of the 
States they cross. In what State are the White Mountains? The 
Green? The Catskill? The Ozark? What States do the Cum- 
berland Mountains separate ? 


1. Mississippi, 

2. Missouri, 

3.. St. Lawrence, 

4. Arkansas, 

5. Red, 

6. Ohio, 


RIVERS. 

7. Tennessee, 

8. Cumberland, 

9. Alabama, 


13. Wabash, 

14. James, 

15. Savannah, 


10. Susquehanna, 16. St. Johns, 

11. Potomac, 17. Connecticut, 

12. Illinois, 18. Santee. 


rws7mffia 


32 


ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 


19. Delaware, 

20. Altamaha, 

21. Penobscot, 

22. Hudson, 


23. Pearl, 27. Scioto, 

24. Neuse, 28. Genessee, 

25. St. Johns, FI. 29. Sabine. 

26. Merrimack, 18h. Rio Bravo, 


See Direction Thirds for teaching the rivers, and then practise 
further, as follows ; on the map first, if necessary, and then from 
memory. 

1. In what direction does the Mississippi run? 
Into what gulf does it empty ? What States lie on 
its western bank ? What States on its eastern bank ? 

2. In what direction does the Missouri run ? What 
river does it run into ? In what State is its mouth ? 

3. In what direction does the St, Lawrence run? 
From what lake does it come? 

4. In what direction does the Arkansas run ? Into 
what does it empty its waters ? Through what State 
does it run? 

5. In what direction does Red River run ? In 
what State is its outlet or mouth ? Into what river 
does it empty? 

6. In what direction does the Ohio run ? In what 
State do its sources unite to form it? Into what 
river does it run ? Between what States is its 
mouth ? Opposite what State is its mouth ? What 
States lie north of the Ohio ? What States he south 
of it? 

7. In what direction does Tennessee river run? 


AND KEY. 


33 


I?! I 

\l 

I 

hi 


In what mountains does it rise ? What States does 
it touch ? In which is its mouth ? Into what river 
does it fall or empty ? 

8. In what direction does the Cumberland run? 
In what State does it rise? In what State is its 
mouth ? Does it touch any other State ? Into what 
river does it fall ? 

9. In what State is Alabama river? In what di- 
rection does it run ? Into what gulf does it empty ? 
On which side is its largest branch, the Tombigbee ? 

10. In what direction does the Susquehanna run? 
In what State does it rise ? What two States does 
it divide ? Into what bay does it empty ? 

11. In what direction does the Potomac run ? What 
States does it separate ? Into what bay does it fall ? 

12. In what State is the Illinois? In what direc- 
tion does it run ? Into what river does it empty ? 

13. In what State does the Wabash rise ? In what 
direction does it run ? What States does it partly 
separate ? Into what river does it fall ? 

14. In what State is James river? Which way 
does it run ? Into what bay does it empty ? 

15. What States does the Savannah separate? In 
what direction does it run? Into what does it fall? 

16. In what State does the St, Johns rise? In 
what British territory is its mouth? What is its 
direction into the Bay of Fundy? 









34 


ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 


17. What two States does the Connecticut separate ? 
What other two does it divide ? What is its course ? 
Into what Sound does it empty? Ans. Long Island. 

18. In what State does the Santee rise? What 
other State does it divide ? What is its course ? Into 
what does it empty ? — Ask the same of the Rio Bravo. 

19. In what State does the Delatmre rise? What 
States does it separate ? In what direction does it 
run ? Into what bay does it empty ? 

20. In what State is the Altamaha ? In what di- 
rection does it run? Into what does it fall? 

21. In what State is the Penobscot? What is its 
course ? Into what bay does it fall ? 

22. In what State is the Hudson? What is its 
course ? Into what ocean does it ran ? 

23. In Avhat State is the Pearl? Which way does 
it run? What two States does it partly separate? 
Into an arm of what gulf does it fall ? 

24. In what State is the What is its course 

into Pamlico Sound ? 

^25. In what State is the St Johns? In what di- 
rection does it run ? Into what ocean does it fall ? 

26. In what State does the Me7'rimaclx rise? In 
what State is its mouth? In what directions does 
it run? 

■27. In what State is the Scioto? What is its 
course ? Into what river does it fall ? 






I 


•i 


s 

H 






■m 


36 


ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 


; I 




What States does Erie touch ? What State is south 
of Ontario? What States does Champlain partly 
separate ? With what great river is it connected by 
a small one ? 

What States does the Chesapeake divide ? What 
States separate it from Delaware Bay? Between 
what States is Delaware Bay? Of what ocean are 
Chesapeake and Delaware bays a portion? What 
bay is enclosed by Capes Cod and Ann ? What bay 
divides the seacoast of Maine ? What State does the 
Narraganset nearly divide ? 

In what State is Cape Cod? Cape May? Cape 
Henloj^en ? Capes Charles and Henry ? Cape 
Hatteras ? Cape Sable ? What bay enters the land 
between Capes Charles and Henry? What bay 
between Capes May and Henlopen? 

In what State is Nantucket? South of what 
State is Long Island? Where is Martha’s Vine- 
yard? What small island is near Cape Sable, in 
Florida ? 

Through what States do the Alleghany Moun- 
tains chiefly run? 

CITIES AND TOWNS. 

Tell the child that a city only differs from a town in its form of 
government ; the city having one man at the liead, called the Mayor, 
and the town having several men, called Selectmen. If the child 


aw B sa 


AND KEY. 


37 


has not been thoroughly exercised according to Direction Fourth^ 
page 28 , the teacher should go back and practise, before asking the 
following questions. 

1. In what State are Albany, New York, Roch- 
ester, and Buffalo ? At the mouth of what river is 
New York city? In what part of the State is it? 
On what river is Albciny ? Which way is it from 
New York city ? At the mouth of what river is 
Rochester ? On what lake is Buffalo ? Which city 
is the capital ? Which is the largest city ? 

2. In what State are Harrisburg, Philadelphia, and 
Pittsburg ? On what river is Harrisburg ? On what 
river is Philadelphia, east of Harrisburg? At the 
head of what river is Pittsburg? Which is the 
largest city ? Which is the capital ? 

3. In what State are Columbus and Cincinnati? 
On what river is Columbus ? On what is Cincinnati ? 
Which is the capital ? Which is the largest ? 

4. In what State are Richmond and Wheeling? 
On what river is Richmond ? On what is Wheeling ? 
Which is the capital and largest city ? 

5. On what river is Nashville ? Of what State is 
it the capital ? 

6. In what State are Louisville and Frankfort? 
On what river is Louisville? Which way from 
Louisville is Frankfort ? Which is the capital ? 
Which is the largest ? 



38 


ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 


7. In what State are Newbern and Raleigh? On 
what river are Newhern and Raleigh ? Which is the 
largest ? Which the capital ? 

8. In what State is Boston ? On what bay is it 
situated ? On what river is Lowell ? Where is Salem ? 

9. In what State are Augusta and Savannah ? On 
what river are they ? Which is the capital ? Which 
the largest ? Which is highest up the river ? 

10. Of what State is Indianapolis the capital? In 
what part of the State is it situated? 

11. In what State are Charleston and Columbia? 
AVhich is the capital ? Which nearest the Atlantic ? 
On what river is Columbia? 

12. In what State are Tuscaloosa^ and Mobile? On 
what river, is the capital ? Which is the largest ? 
Which is on a bay near the gulf? 

13. In what State are Portland^ Bangor^ Augusta ? 
Which is on Casco Bay? Which on the Kennebec? 
Which on the Penobscot ? Which is the capital ? 

14. In what State are Springfield and Chicago ? 
Which is. on Lake Michigan ? Which is the capital ? 

15. In what State are Baltimore and Annapolis ? 
Which is the capital ? Which is the largest ? What 
bay are they near ? 

16. In what State are Jefferson and St. Louis? On 
what river is St. Louis ? On what river is Jefferson ? 
Which is the largest ? Which is the capital ? 

* Montgomery has lately become the capital. The teacher can mark it on the map. 


e-^^saaxsasam 


AND KEY. 


17. In what State are Natchez and Jackson ? Which 
is on Pearl River ? On what river is the other ? 
I Which is the capital ? 

I 18. Of what State is Trenton the capital ? On what 
' river is it ? Which way from it is Newark ? 

19. Of what State is Neio Orleans the chief city ? 
On what river is it ? Is it on the right or left bank of 
the river? Is it above or below the capital. Baton 
Rouze ? 

The right bank is that which is on the right hand of a j^erson 
descending the river. 

20. Of what State are Hartford and New Haven by 
turns the capital ? Which is on Long Island Sound ? 
Which on Connecticut River ? Which is the largest ? 

21. In wd:iat State are Burlington and Montpelier ? 
Which is the capital ? Which is on Lake Cham- 
plain ? Which is the largest ? 

22. In wdiat State are Concord and Portsmouth? 
Which is on the Atlantic ? On what river is* the other ? 
Which is the largest ? Which the capital ? 

23. Of wdiat State is Lansing the capital ? In what 
part of the State is it ? Plow does it bear from Detroit? 

24. Of what State are Providence and Newport by 
turns the capital ? On what bay are they ? Which is 
the largest ? Which on an island ? 

25. Of what State is Little Rock the capital ? On 
what river is it ? 














AND KEY. 



NORTH AMERICA. 

Having* learned that his own State is one of the United States, 
the pupil may now be taught that the United States is but one 
country of North America. The teacher will point out the differ- 
ent countries to the pupil, according to the directions before given. 


Countries. 

I. The United States, 

II. Mexico, 

III. Canada, 

IV. Nova Scotia, 

V. New Brunswick, 

VI. Central America, 

VII. West Indies, 

VIII. British America, 

IX. Russian America, 

X. Greenland, 

d. Oregon, 

e. California, 

f. New Mexico, 

g. Great Antilles, 

h. Caribbee Isles, 

i. Bahamas, 

j. Lesser Antilles, 

k. Belize, a small British settlement. 


Capitals. Large Towns. 

Washington, New York. 

Mexico., Vera Cruz. 

Montreal., Q^uebec. 

Halifax. 

Frederickstown. 

GuatimaJa. 

Havana., (on Cuba.) 

No towns. 

No towns. 

No towns. 


r 


Oi-egoncity.l g 

Monterey, > m v • 

Santa Fe, J Territories. 

Divisions of the West India 
Islands. 





ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 


NORTH AIVIERICA. 



What country is numbered 1? 2? 3? 4? 5? 

6? 7? 8? 9? 10? 

What is north ? east ? south ? west of the United 
States ? 

Ask the same questions in regard to Mexico and Central America. 

What is north of New Brunswick ? What south- 
east of it? 

Which country is separated from the continent 
by water? Which forms a small peninsula? 

Let the pupil find and describe the place of the following. 

A. Atlantic Ocean. D. Caribbean Sea. 

B. Pacific Ocean. E. Part of Asia. 

C. Arctic Ocean. F. Part of South America. 

Point at the letter, and ask what ocean or country it is. Then 
ask how they are situated in regard to North America, &c. &c. 


BAYS AND GULFS. 

5. Bay of Honduras. 

6. Gulf of Mexico. 

7. Gulf of St. Lawrence. 

8. Gulf of California. 

After carefully pointing out these, the teacher may ask where they 
are. In what direction from each other or from certain countries. 


1. Baffin’s Bay. 

2. Hudson’s Bay. 

3. James’s Bay. 

4. Bay of Campeachy. 


1. Lake Superior. 

2. Lake Huron. 


LAKES. 

3. Lake Michigan. 

4. Lake Erie. 


5. Lake Ontario. 8. Slave Lake. 

6. Lake Winnipeg. 9. Great Bear Lake. 

7. Lake Athapescow. 10. Lake of the. Woods, 

Question as in regard to the Bays, &c. 


STRAITS. 

3. Barrow’s Strait. 

4. Belle Isle. 

Ask what waters these connect ; what lands they separate. 


1. Davis’s Strait. 

2. Bhering’s Strait. 


ISLANDS. 


1. Cuba. 

2. Hayti. 

3. Jamaica. 

4. Newfoundland. 


5. Porto Rico. 

6. Nootka. 

7. The Bermudas. 


Point and ask the names, after having previously pointed them 
out, or required the child to look them out by the map and book. 
Tlien, without any map, name the island and ask where it is. 


PENINSULAS. 


1. Nova Scotia. 

2. Florida. 

3. Yucatan. 


4. California. 

5. Greenland. 

6. Alaska. 


Point them out as was done in regard to the Islands. Then 
ask, to what are they joined ? What water nearly surrounds them ? 
What country are they in ? 



■f Lyi,ii' ‘ x s nx -‘ g wjun sav 


I 



CAPES 


1. Cape Farewell.' 

2. Cape Sable, N, S. 

3. ^Cape Cod. 


4. Cape Hatteras. 

5. Cape Sable, F. 

6. Cape St. Lucas. 


After having shown them,* question particularly as to where the 
Capes are ? from what country they project ? &c. &c. 

MOUNTAINS. 

1. Rocky Mountains. 3. Mount St. Elias, 

2. Alleghany Mts. a volcano. 

Where are they ? In what direction do they run ? &c. 


RIVERS. 


1. Mississippi. 

2. Missouri. 

3. St. Lawrence. 

4. Arkansas. 

5. Red River. 

6. Columbia. 

7. Ohio. 


8. Churchill. 

9. Nelson. 

10. Severn. 

11. Albany. 

12. Mackenzie. 

13. Rio Bravo. 

14. Colorado. 


Make the child familiar with the rise, course, and outlet of each 
river, by showing it and chalking it, and then ask questions like the 
following. 

1. In what country is the 3Iississippi ? Near what 
lakes does it rise ? Which way does it run ? Lito 
what does it empty ? 









\ 


I 




46 


ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 


2. In what mountains does the Missouri rise ? Of 
what is it the largest source? In what direction 
does it run? 

3. Of Avhat great bodies of water is the St Law- 
rence the outlet ? In what course does it run ? Into 
what gulf does it flow ? 

4. Where does the Arlmnsas rise ? how flow ? 
into what fall? 

5. In what mountains do the sources of the Co- 
lumbia rise ? Which way does it run ? Into what 
does it fall? 

6. How does Red River rise? How run? Into 
what does it fall? 

7. Of what is the Ohio a branch? What is its 
course ? 

8. Which way does the Churchill run ? Into what 
does it fall? • 

9. 10. Of wliEit lake are Nelson Severn rivers 
the outlets ? What is their course ? Into what do 
they fall? 

11. Which Avay does the Albany run? Into what 
does it fall ? 

12. Of what great lakes is Mackenzie s river the 
outlet ? In what direction does it run ? Into what 
does it empty ? 

13. Where does the Bravo xisel How run? 
Into what does it fall ? Ask the same of the Colorado, 




7 , — T^**V 








b * 
f * 


AND KEY. 


47 


CITIES AND TOWS. 

Of what country is Washington the capital? 

Of what is Mexico the capital ? Montreal ? Hali- 
fax ? Frederickstown ? Guatimala ? Austin ? 

In what country is Boston ? Vera Cruz ? Quebec ? 
What is the capital of Mexico? Nova Scotia? 
Central America? The United States? Canada? 
New Brunswick? Texas? 

Which way is Washington from Boston? Which 
way is Boston from Washington? Which way is 
Mexico from Boston? Which way is Boston from 
Mexico ? 

Ask a similar question of every other city and town. 


It is to be hoped that the teacher, as he goes over the lessons, 
will spare no pains to tell the child such facts as will impress the 
lessons upon the mind. One class of facts only can be glanced at here. 

North America, though full of inhabitants, was claimed by which- 
soever of the civilized nations of Europe first discovered it. 

By this rule, Spain claimed what is now Florida, Mexico, Central 
America, and all that part of the United States west of the Missis- 
sippi river. Mexico and Central America declared themselves in- 
dependent of Spain, and are so now. 

France claimed all that part which lies north of what now belongs 
to the United States, excepting Greenland, which was claimed by 
Denmark^ and the northwestern portion, claimed by Russia, 

England conquered all that belonged to the French, and this still 
belongs to England. The original English Colonies, now the United 
States, purchased Florida of Spain ; and all our territory west of the 
Mississippi was bought of France, which had obtained it from Spain. 



n. I 








SOUTH AMERICA. 






AND KEY. 


49 


SOUTH AMERICA. 


The teacher must, as before directed, make the pupils acquainted 
with the countries, by pointing them out, naming and describing 
them. 


Capitals, 


Large Towns. 


Countnes, 

I. Brazil, 

II. Venezuela, 

III. New Grenada, 

IV. Peru, 

V. United Provinces, 

VI. Chili, 

VII. Ecuador, 

VIII. Bolivia, 

IX. Paraguay, 

X. Banda Oriental, 
[British Guiana, 

XI.^ Dutch Guiana, 
French Guiana, 

XII. Patagonia, 


South America is one great peninsula, united by the Isthmus of 
Darien to North America. It lies between the Atlantic and Pacific 
^Oceans, and south of the Cpuribbean Sea. 

The Andes mountains extend through its whole length on the 
western coast. 


Rio Janeiro, 

Bahia. 

Caraccas, 

Laguayra. 

Santa Fe, 

Panama. 

Lima, 

Buenos Ayres. 

Callao. 

St. Jago, 
Quito. 

La Plata. 

Valparaiso. 

Assumption. 
Monte Video. 


Georgetown. 

Parimaribo. 


Cayenne. 
No towns. 








50 


ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 


In what part of South America is New Grenada? 
Venezuela? Brazil? The Guianas? Ecuador? 
Peru? Patagonia? Chili? United Provinces? 
Banda Oriental? Bolivia? Paraguay? 


Then asl'?«^iow each country is bounded ? that is, what is north, 
east, south, and west of it ? Kepeat the questions a thousand times, 
if necessary. 


Where is the Atlantic Ocean ? A. 

Where is the Pacific ? B. 

Where does the Equator cross South America? D. 
Where is the Caribbean Sea ? C. 

What mountains along the whole western coast? 
What part of South America is a peninsula? 
What is the isthmus called ? a, 

CAPES. 

1. Cape La Vela. 3. Cape Horn. 

2. Cape St. Boque. 4. Cape Blanco. 

Ask in what country each cape is. Which is most northerly, 
southerly, easterly, and westerly? 

ISLAJSITS. 

1. Terra del Fuego. 4. JuanFernandez,orIlob- 

2. The Falkland Isles. inson Crusoe’s Island. 

3. Chiloe. 5. Joannes. 

Ask, where are they ? What coast are they nearest to ? Which 
appears to have the most land ? &c. 



13 % 


I 


i 


AND KEY. 


DIVISIONS OF WATEK. 


1. Bay of Panama. 4. Lake Maracaybo. 

2. Gulf of Venezuela. 5. Lake Titicaca. 

3. Gulf of Guayaquil. 6. The Strait of Magellan. 


Ask, in what country are they ? In what part of the country ? 
What do they unite or separate ? &c. 


RIVERS. 


1. Amazon. 

2. La Plata. 

3. Madeira. 

4. Orinoco. 

5. Xingu. 

6. Francisco. 


7. Tocantins. 

8. Negro. 

9. Topayos. 

10. Uraguay. 

11. Magdalena. 




Point out the rise, course, and outlet of these rivers, and make the 
child so familiar with them that he can answer such questions as the 
following from memory. 

In what mountains is the source of the Amazon ? 
In what direction does it run? Into what does it 
empty ? 

In what direction does the La Plata run ? In 
what country are its sources ? In what is its mouth ? 

What is the course of the Orinoco? Into what 
does it empty? 

- In what country is the St. Francisco? What is 
its course ? Into what does it fall ? 









AND KEY. 


53 


In what direction do the Madeira, Xingu, and 
Topayos run? Of what are they branches? Are 
they on the right or left side of the Amazon ? * 
Where is the Negro ? How does it run ? Into what 
does it fall? 

In what country is the Tocantins? How does it 
run ? Into what does it fall ? 

What is the course of the Magdalena? Into 
what sea does it fall? 


EUROPE. 


>1 i 

it 1 


it 1 
[1 1 - 


Europe is a great peninsula, connected on the 
east with Asia. 

It has the Atlantic Ocean (A.) on the west; the 
Arctic Ocean (B.) on the north ; the Mediterranean 
Sea (D.) at the south; and Asia (C.) on the east. 

If stood upon the eastern side, its form is not unlike that of a 
woman. Spain and Portugal are the head ; France the neck and 
shoulders; Great Britain and Italy the arms; and the rest of 
Europe the dress. Such imaginations have great weight with 
Ichildren. 



BmoBoasB 


■SB 


54 


ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 


The countries, according to their population and 
importance, are as follows. 


i 


Countries. 

I. Russia, 

II. Austria, 

III. France, 

IV. Great Britain, 


V. Italy, 

VI. Turkey, 

VII. Germany, 
Fill. Spain, 

IX. Prussia, 

Y 1 Belgium, 

1 Holland, 

XL Portugal, 
XII. Sweden, 

XIII. Denmark, 

XIV. Switzerland. 
XV Norway, 

XFI. Greece, 
XVII. Lapland, 


Capitals. 

Petersburg, 

Vienna, 

Paris, 

London, 

Rome, 


Large Towns. 

( Moscow, 

\ Warsaw. 
Trieste, Venice. 
Bordeaux. 
Liverpool, 
Dublin, 
Edinburgh. 
Naples, 
Leghorn, 
Genoa. 


Constantinople. 

Frankfort, 

Madrid, 

Berlin. 

Brussels. 

Amsterdam. 

Lisbon. 

Stockholm, 

Copenhagen. 

Berne, &c.* 

Christiania, 

Athens. 

No towns. 


Hamburg. 

Cadiz. 


Gottenburg 

Geneva. 

Bergen. 


* Berne, Zurich, and Lucerne are each the capital two years at a time 




I- _ LJ 1 n I f I I ■ , ■ ■ . • - • ■ .1 ’ i-. 



The teacher will now point out the general features of Europe, 
and will, as before, name and describe every country on the Outline 
Map, and make such remarks or comparisons as will not only aid 
the memory, but make the pupils familiar with the situation and 
boundaries of each. 

The pupil may be shown how much Italy resembles a hoot in 
! form. One of the author’s pupils once said, that France seemed 
to her like the body of a giant, whose neck was England, and whose 
head cut off was Iceland. One leg was Italy, and the other leg v/as 
in a basket, represented by Spain. 

A more interesting association for Spain, and Portugal which was 
once a part of Spain, may be made with a Spanish dollar or other 
coin with pillars. The shield is shaped like the country. The pillars 
are the Rock of Gibraltar and Ceuta, two hills that were once called 
the Pillars of Hercides, The castle on the coat of arms represents 
the kingdom of Castile, and the lion the kingdom of Leon ; which 
two kingdoms were united to form the kingdom of Spain. The 
motto, Ne plus idtra, which is on the older coins, and which means 
There is nothing beyond^ refers to the notion of the ancients, that 
there was no country west of Spain, for America was not then 
discovered. 

It is difficult for children to draw Europe well and preserve its 
proportions, and the teacher must be patient. The best way is to 
begin with Spain, and draw the southern coast to the Caspian Sea. 
Then build the others upon this basis. But, for a general rule, when 
chalk is used, it is better to begin at the top or north of the map. 

When the pupils are made familiar with the countries, by drawing 
them or seeing them repeatedly, the teacher may proceed to point 
out the natural divisions of land and water, as on former maps. 


1. North Cape. 

2. Landsend. 

3. Clear. 


CAPES. 

4. Finisterre. 

5. St. Vincent. 






56 


ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 


Finisterre means the same as Landsend, Ask, in what country 
the Capes are ? What water they project into ? &c. 

ISLANDS 




1 . 


Great Britain, or 
England and Scotland. 

2. Iceland. 

3. Ireland. 

4. Sicily. 

5. Sardinia. 


7. Candia. 

8. Corsica. 

9. Zealand. 

10. Majorca. 

11. Malta. 

12. Ionian Isles. 


6. Cyprus. 

The teacher must ask where each Island is ? What water sur- 
rounds it ? What country is it nearest to ? &c., as in former lessons. 

It may be time now to give the child an idea of the relative size 
of these islands, and of the different parts of the world. This must- 
be done on some map of the World, for there only are all the coun- 
tries drawn on the same scale. It will appear that 

Great Britain is about as large as Cuba. 

Iceland and Ireland compare with Newfoundland. 

Sicily, Sardinia, and Cyprus will match Jamaica. 

Candia and Corsica will go with Porto Rico. 

Zealand and Majorca will match Long Island. 

Corfu, the largest of the Ionian Isles, and Malta 
are not much larger than Marthds Vineyard. 

This habit of comparing different countries, and the different 
divisions of land and water, besides exercising the judgment of the 
child, will make a lasting impression on his memory. 








PENINSULAS. 

VIII. Spain. 4. The Morea. 

XII. Sweden and Norway. 5. Crimea. 

XIII. Denmark. 

Let the pupil point them out, and then tell him the name, 
to what country the isthmus connects them, &c. 


Ask 


MOUNTAINS. 

1. The Alps, 4. The Ural. 

2. The Apennines. 5. The Dofrafield. 

3. The Carpathian. 6, The Pyrenees. 

VOLCANOES.. 

7. Hecla. 8. Etna. 9. Vesuvius. 

Ask where each of these ranges or volcanoes is. In what country ? 
Between what countries ? &c. 

SEAS AND THEIR STRAITS. 

D. The Mediterranean, . . Strait of Gibraltar. 

1. Black Sea, Constantinople. 

2. The Baltic, The Sound. 

3. North Sea, Dover. 

4. Archipelago, Dardanelles. 

5. White Sea, .... 

6. Irish Sea, St. George’s Channel. 

7. Sea of Azoph,* , . . Kaffa. 

Ask in what countries or between what countries the Seas are, 
and what bodies of water the Straits connect? What lands they 
separate ? &c. No. 8 is the Caspian Sea. 





GULFS, BAY, &c. 


1. Gulf of Venice. 

2. Gulf of Bothnia.' 

3. Gulf of Finland. 

1. Ladoga. 

2. Onega. 


4. Bay of Biscay. 

5. English Channel. 


LAKES. 

3. Wener. 

4. Wetter. 


5. Constance. 

6. Geneva. 


Ask where they are ? What countries border on them ? &c. 


1. Volga. 

2. Danube. 

3. Don. 

4. Dnieper. 

5. Rhine. 


RIVERS. 

6. Elbe. 

7. Vistula. 

8. Tagus. 

9. Dniester. 

10. Loire. 


11. Ural. 

12. Rhone. 

13. Seine. 

14. Thames. 

15. Bog. 


The teacher must point out the rise, course, outlet, &c., of each 
river, on the large map, if possible. Then he may let the pupils 
look on their small map and answer his questions; and, finally, he 
must require answers without the aid of maps. 

Let the pupil be ready to answer the following questions, at least. 
Where does the river rise? Which way does it run? Into what 
does it empty? Does it separate any country? 

The longest river of the above list, the Yolga^ is less than our 
Arkansas ; and the shortest, the Thames^ is less than the Merrimack. 

CITIES AND TOWNS.* 

Of what country is Petersburg the capital ? In what part of the 
country is it? Where is Moscoiv? On what river is it? Where 
is Warsaw? On what river? 


* These, of course, are to be pointed out before any questions are asked. 





I 




:^:arx;r - *' . - ig r .;- ’« .-r^nag^ J C . -’ a ^jgaearygiarv'tyraa 


AND KEY. 


59 


Of what country is Vienna the capital ? On what 
river is it ? On wliat gulf is Venice ? Trieste ? 

Of what is Paris the capital? On what river is 
it ? On what river is Bordeaux ? 

Of what is London the capital ? On what river is 
it? Which way is Liverpool from London? Where 
is Dublin ? Where is Edinburgh ? 

Where is Rome? Which way is Naples from 
Rome? In what part of Italy are Leghorn and 
Genoa ? 

Of what is Constantinople the capital? Near what 
sea is it? Where is Frankfort? It is situated on a 
branch of what river ? On what river is Hainburg ? 

Of what is Madrid the capital ? On a branch of 
what river is it situated ? Near what strait is Cadiz ? 
Which way is it from Madrid ? 

Of what is Berlin the capital ? On what river is it ? 

Of what is Brussels the capital? Of what is Am- 
sterdam the capital ? 

Of what is Lisbon the capital ? On what river is it ? 

Of what is Stockholm the capital ? Which way is 
Gottenburg from it ? 

O j ^ 

Of what is Copenhagen the capital? On what 
island is it ? 

In what country are Berne and Geneva? On a 
branch of what river is Berne? On what lake is 
Geneva ? 


■! 

'! 

I 

0 


.JSSM 



'«s->rr 


ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 


ASIA. 


I 




62 


ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 


have the Japan Isles ; and the North Sea the Sea of Japan. These 
correspondences may be fanciful, but they will help the memory and 
give interest to the lesson. 

The following Table of the principal countries of Asia must be 
carefully gone over on the map and on the black-board, until the 
pupil is familiar with the location of the countries. The towns will 
better be taught when the child knows the rivers, &c. 


Countries, 

I. China, 

II. Hindostan, 

III. Japan, 

IV. Persia, 

V. Anam, 

VI. Turkey, 

VII. Thibet, 

VIII. Arabia, 

IX. Independent 
Tartary, 

X. Siam, 

XL Siberia, 

XII. Afghanistan, 
XIII. Burmah, 


Large Towns. 

Canton. 


I 


Capitals. 

Pekin, 

Calcutta. 

Jeddo. 

Teheran. 

Kesho. 

Constantinople, ( Jerusalem. 

in Europe, \ Smyrna. 
Lassa. 

Mecca. 

Bukharia. 

Bankok. 

Tobolsk. 

Cabul. 

Ava. 

XIV. Chinese Tartary, No important town. 

XV. Beloochistan, Kelat. 

When the pupil is familiar with the location of the countries, the 
teacher may proceed to point out the natural divisions of land and 
water, as on former maps. 




BXZ 


rawBTT 



am 


AND KEY. 


63 


CAPES. 


1. Taymour. 

2. East Cape. 


3. Lopatka. 

4. Comorin. 


When the child finds them, ask what country each projects from? 
into what water it projects ? &c. 


a. Japan Isles. 

b. Philippine Isles. 

c. Sunda Isles. 

d. Spice. 

e. Loo Choo. 


ISLANDS. — Clusters. 

f. Laccadives. 

g. Pelews. 

h. Maldives. 

i. Ladrones. 

j. Carolines. 


k. Kuriles. 

l. Andaman. 

m. Aleutian. 

n. Nicobar. 

0 . Magellan's. 


SINGLE I S L A N D S , A C C 0 R D I N G TO SIZE 


1. Borneo. 6. Nova Zembla, 11. 

2. New Guinea. 7. Luzon. 12. 

3. Sumatra. 8. Saghalien. 13. 

4. Niphon. 9. Jesso. 14. 

6. Celebes. 10. Java. 16. 


Ceylon. 

Mindanao. 

Kiusiu. 

Formosa. 

Hainan. 


Borneo and New Guinea are each larger than all the 
Wesl India Islands together. 

Sumatra^ Niphon^ Celebes^ Nova Zembla^ Luzon^ 
Saghalien^ lesso^ and Java, class with Cuba, which is 
the largest American Island. 

Ceylon, Mindanao, and Kiusiu match Newfoundland, 
Formosa and Hainan rank with Jamaica, 







Mtm 


64 


ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 


PENINSULAS. 

VIII. Arabia. 3. Corea. 

2 . Kamtschatka. 4. Malaya. 

Ask with what country these are connected ? How surrounded ? 


1. Himmaleh. 

2. Altaian. 

3. Ural. 

Ask where these are ? 
direction they run? 

1. Chinese. 

2. Mediterranean. 

3. Okotsk. 

4. Japan. 

5. Blue. 

1. Aral. Aral is 

2. Baikal. Baikal 


MOUNTAINS. 

4. Gant. 

5. Caucasian. 

6. Belur Tag. 

What they separate or are in ? 
SEAS. 

6. Yellow. 

7. Black. 

8. Caspian. 

9. Red. 

LAICES. 

less than Lake Huron. 
is less than Michigan. 


In what 


BAYS AND GULES. 

1. Arabian Guh! 4. Gulf of Siam. 

2. Bay of Bengal. 5. Gulf of Tonkin. 

3. Persian Gulf. 

Ask what countries these are in or between. 



■ 1 _ 


A 


II 


II 


AND KEY. 


65 


1. Bhering’s. 

2. Sunda. 


STRAITS. 

3. BabelmandeL 

4. Dardanelles. 

Ask what countries they separate. What waters they connect. 

RIVERS. 

1. YangtseKiangorBlue. 8. Irawaddy. 

2. Lena. 9. Ganges. 

3. Obi. 10. Burrampooter. 

4. Hoangho. 11. Yenisei. 

5. Amour. 12. Euphrates. 

6. Cambodia. 13. Meinam. 

7. Indus. 14. Jihon. 15. Ural. 




The teacher must ask the rise, course, and outlet of all the above 
rivers, as in former lessons ; the pupil having previously been shown 
every particular on the maps. 

These Asiatic rivers compare with American rivers 
nearly as follows : 

Yangtse Kiang with the Missouri. 

Lena, Ohi, Hoangho, Amour, and Cambodia with 
4 the St. Lawrence or Arhamas. 

The Indus, Irawaddy, Ganges, Burrampooter, Ye- 
nisei, and Euphrates compare with the Ohio and 
Columbia. 

The Meinam and Jihon range between the Cum- 
herkmd and Tennessee. 




AND KEY. 


67 


CITIES AND TOWNS. 


Take the map, and after showing the towns, and telling in what 
country or on what river they are situated, name the country and 
ask its capital, or name the capital and ask its country. 




Pekin is probably the most populous city in the 
world. Pekin, Canton, Calcutta, Jeddo, Bankok, are 
larger than Neiv York. 

Smyrna is, in size, between New York and Boston. 
The others are smaller than Boston. 


AFRICA. 


Africa is one great peninsula, of which but little 

IS known. [Point every thing out, and describe, as before.] 

It has the Atlantic Ocean (A.) on the west; the 
Indian Ocean (B.) on the east; the Mediterranean 
(C.) on the north; and Asia (D.) on the northeast. 
E. is the Equator. 


Countries. 

I. Morocco, 

II. Egypt, 

III. Senegambia, 

IV. Upper Guinea, 

V. Lower Guinea, 

VI. Abyssinia, 


Capitals. 

Morocco. 

Cairo. 

None. 

Coomassie. 

Loanda. 

Gondar. 






VII. 

VIII 

IX. 

X. 

XL 

XIL 

XIII 

XIV. 

XV. 

XVI 

XVII 

XVIII 

XIX. 

XX. 

XXI 

XXII 

XXIII 


a. 

b. 

c. 

d. 

e. 
f 


g- 

h. 


1 . 


J' 


Countries. 

Tunis, 

Algeria, 

TripoM, 

Sahara, 

Barca. 

The Cape Colony, 
Liberia, 

Sierra Leone, 

Fezzan, 

Cimbebas, 

Hottentots, 

Caffraria, 

Mozambique, 

Zanguebar 

Magadoxa, 

Aian, 

Adel. 

Bambarra. 

/ 

Howssa, 

Borneo, 

Bergoo, 

Darfoor, 

Kordofan, 

Biafra, 

Fellatas, 

Donga, 

Shillooks,' 


Capitals, 

Tunis. 

Algiers. 

Tripoli. 

None. 

Derne. 

Cape Town. 

Monrovia. 

Freetown. 


Unimportant divisions, but 
little known, and having no 
large towns or definite bound- 
aries. The teacher had better 
omit them, or only glance at' 
them very slightly. 


Countries of which too little 
is known to render them an 
object of interest to the young. 
The teacher may pass over 
them with this very general 
remark. 


' If 



1. Serrat and Bon. 

2. Guardafui. 

3. Good Hope. 

4. Palmas. 


CAPES. 

5. Verd. 

6. Blanco. 

7. Negro. 


Ask in what country they are. Into what sea or ocean they project. 


1. Atlas. 

2. Kong. 


MOUNTAINS. 

3. Moon. 5. Lupata. 

4. ' Snow.- 


ISLANDS. 


1. Madagascar. 

2. Socotra. 

3. Bourbon & Mauritius. 

4. St. Helena. 


5. Cape Verds. In the At- 

lantic, opposite Cape Verd. 

6. Canaries. 

7. Madeiras. 


ISTHMUS. 

1. The Isthmus of Suez. 

SEAS, GULFS, STRAITS, &c. 


C. Mediterranean. 4. Strait of BabelmandeL 

1. Red Sea. 5. Strait of Gibraltar. 

2. Gulf of Guinea. 6. Lake Tchad. 

3. Mozambique Channel. 


The teacher must ask all needful questions about these divisions, 
of which there are too few to form distinct classes. 




BB 



70 ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY. 


RIVERS. 

1. Nile. 5. Zaire. 

2. Niger. 6. Zambeze. 

3. Senegal. 7. Gambia. 

4. Orange. 

Ask the rise, course, and outlet of these rivers, as in former lessons. 

TOWNS. 

The teacher may exercise the pupil upon the towns by naming a 
town and requiring the country, and then by naming the country 
and requiring the capital. 


ADDITIONAL LESSONS ON THE MAPS 
OF THE HEMISPHERES. 

The teacher must point out every thing, and describe it, as before. 
Then he may point, and let the pupils name and describe. The 
Maps of the Hemispheres may now be used as a General Review 
of all the other maps, as far as they contain the same things. 


It is no disadvantage, if things noticed on the other maps are 
omitted on these, for the teacher has only to point where the coun- 
try, island, river, cape, &c., should be drawn, and then to ask what 
the country is ? what is omitted ? &:c. 






AND KEV. 


71 


SEAS, GULFS, BAYS. 

1. Caribbean Sea. 3, Gulf of Mexico. 

2. Bhering’s Sea. 4. Baffin’s Bay. 

6. Hudson’s Bay. 


1. Superior. 

2. Huron. 


LAKES. 

3. Michigan. 

4. Erie. 


5. Ontario. 


GROUPS, OR CLUSTERS OF ISLANDS. 


a. The West Indies. 

b. Sandwich Isles. 

c. Azores. 

d. Cape Verds. 

e. Bermudas. 

f. Society Isles. 

g. Friendly Isles. 

h. Marquesas. 


1 . Mulgraves. 


j. Fejee Isles. 

k. Navigator’s. 

l. Falkland Isles. 

m. Galapagos. 

n. Aleutian, or Fox Isles. 

o. New Hebrides. 

p. Solomon Isles. 

q. Newly discovered Isles. 


1. New Zealand. 

2. Cuba. 

3. Iceland. 

4. Terra del Fuego. 

5. Newfoundland. 

MOUNTAINS. 

2. Rocky Mts. 


SEPARATE ISLANDS. 

6. Hayti. 

7. Jamaica. 

8. Vancouver’s. 

9. New Caledonia. 


1. Andes 


3. Alleghanies. 




♦ 



RIVEKS. 

1. Amazon. 5. St. Lawrence. 

2. Mississippi and Missouri. 6. Rio Bravo. 

3. Mackenzie’s. 7. Columbia. 

4. La Plata. 8. Orinoco.. 


B. South America. 

2. California. 

3. Yucatan. 


PENINSULAS. 

4. Kamtschatka. 

5. Florida. 

X. Greenland. 


CAPES. 


1. C. Horn. 3. 

2. C. Farewell. 4. 


C. St. Lucas. 
Icy Cape. 


5. St. Roque. 

6. C. Blanco. 


CIRCLES. 

J. Tropic of Cancer. L. Arctic Circle. 

K. Tropic of Capricorn. M. Antarctic Circle. 

These Circles can only be fully explained on a globe ; 
and Cornell’s New Globe shows why they are drawn, 
and demonstrates their use, better than any other cheap 
apparatus known to the author. 

It was not thought necessary to mark all these things on the little 
Map of the Hemispheres, on page 16 of this Key, for that map is 
given rather as a lesson in map drawing, to be copied by the pupils. 

A few questions will be given as models, for the teacher to multi- 



AND KEY. 


73 


ply to any extent; the things above named to be made familiar 
before any General Review, like that above proposed, is attempted. 

Massachusetts is marked on the Map of the Western Hemisphere, 
but if the school is not in Massachusetts, the teacher should mark 
his own State, and bid the pupils notice how small it is, compared 
with the whole world. 

The child already knows what is meant by East, West, North, and 
South ; let him now be taught which part of the map is north, which 
south, &c. Then, what is meant by North-east, North-west, South- 
east, and South-west. 

Then ask questions similar to the following, taking care, with a 
globe, to teach the child that he must regard the meridians in going 
north or south, and the parallels in going east or west, especially 
if he goes from one hemisphere to the other. 

In what part of N. America is Massachusetts, [or 
the pupil’s own State, whatever it may be] ? 

Which way from Massachusetts lies the Atlantic 
Ocean ? The Pacific ? The Arctic 1 The Antarctic 1 

Which way from Mass, is Cape Horn? C. Farewell? 
Icy Cape ? C. St. Roque ? C. St. Lucas ? 

So ask the direction from Home of any other place. 

What connects North and South America ? 

What great group of islands lies between them ? 
What gulf lies S. of the United States ? 

What sea are the West Indies north of? 


74 


ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 


Where is Bhering’s Sea 1 Baffin’s Bay 1 Hudson’s 
Bay? 

Where are the West Indies 7 In what ocean ? 
East of what country ? North of what ? South of 
what ? &.C. 

Where are the Sandwich Isles 7 West of what ? 
What circle crosses them ? In what ocean are they ? 
Which continent nearest to ? In what Grand Division 
included ? &c. 

Where are the Azores 7 In what ocean ? Nearest 
to what G. Division ? East of what part of N. Ameri- 
ca ? &c. 

Where are the Cape Vends 7 Nearest which G. 
Division ? Between what circles ? West of what 
cluster of isles ? 

Where are the Bermudas 7 West of what? In 
what ocean ? &-c. 

Where are the Marquesas 7 To what G. Division 
do they belong ? Which continent are they nearest 
to ? 

Ask the same questions, or similar ones, of Solomon^s Isles, the 
Neto Hebrides, Society Isles, Friendly Isles, Fejees, and Navigators. 

Ask between what circles they are all situated. Let the class 
name them in order, from west to east and from east to west. 

Which way from the Sandwich are the Mulgrave 
Isles ? Are they north or south of the equator ? 
&c., &.C. 


' 



AND KEY. 


75 


Where are the Falkland Isles ? &c., &lc. 

Where are the Galapagos ? Nearest to which con- 
tinent ? To which G. Division ? On what circle are 
they situated ? &c. 

Where are the Aleutian or Fox Isles ? South of 
what sea ? West of what G. Division ? &lc. 

The teacher should be able to tell the pupils to what country the 
several* islands belong, who discovered them, and such other par- 
ticulars as will interest them. 

In questioning upon the single islands, it is only necessary, at 
first, to put the question Where is, before each name, it being under- 
stood that every island has already been repeatedly pointed out and 
named to the pupils. 


Then the question may be varied by asking. 


What double island of the Eastern Continent is on 
the western edge of the Western Hemisphere ? 

What island lies between two peninsulas, at the 
entrance of the Gulf of* Mexico ? Of what group is 
it the largest ? 

What island lies near the Arctic Ocean, east of 
Greenland ? 

What island lies at the southern extremity of South 
America ? 

What island forms the most eastern point of North 
America ? 



notinsnBr! 



76 . ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 

; ; — i 

Which of the West India Isles is second in size ? 
Which third ? 

What island at the west of N. America is in the 
same latitude as Newfoundland at the east ? 

What island north-west of New Zealand ? 

Where is Lake Superior ? &.c. 

Where are the Andes 1 How do they run ? &c., 

&LC. 

Ask the same of the Rocky Mountains, and Alleghanies. 

Ask the rise, course, and outlet of the several rivers. 

Ask questions about each penimula and cape. 

Then take the Map of the Eastern Hemisphere, and pursue a 
course in regard to the seas, gulfs, lakes, and other divisions of 
land and water, similar to that just directed for the Western Hemi- 
sphere. 


1. Chinese. 6. 

2. Mediterranean. 7. 

3. Okotsk. 8. 

4. Arabian.* 9. 

5. Bengal.* 10. 


SEAS. 


Japan. 

11. North. 

Blue. 

12. Red. 

Y ellow. 

13. Baltic. 

Black. 

14. Aral, f 

Caspian. - 



1. Gibraltar. 


STRAITS. 

2. Babelmandel. 


* The Arabian Sea is often called a Gulf^ and the Sea of Bengal a Bay, 
t Aral Sea lies east of the Caspiariy and is really a Lake. 



AND KEY. 77 


GULFS. 

1. G uinea. 

2.* Carpentaria. 3. Persian. 


LAKES. 

1. Tchad. 

2. Baikal. 

1 

MOUNTAINS. 

1. Himmaleh. 

6. Atlas. 

2. Altaian. 

7. Kong. 

3. Belur Tag. 

8. Snow. 

4. Alps. 

9. Caucasian. 

5. Moon. 

10. Uralian. , 


RIVERS. 

1 1. Yang Tse Kiang. 7. Amour. 

2. Nile. 

8. Volga. 

1 3. Niger. 

9. Indus. 

4. Lena. 

10. Ganges. 

5. Obi. 

11. Danube. 

1 6. Hoang Ho. 


1 ISLANDS IN GROUPS OR CLUSTERS. 

1 a. East Indies, or d. Philippines. h. Spice. 

1 Malaysia. 

e. Canaries. i. Balearic. 

1 b. Japan Isles. 

f. Madeiras. j. Mascarenhas. 

1 c. Sunda Isles. 

g. Cape Verds. k. Loo Choo. 









78 


ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY 


l. Laccadives. 

m. Maldives. 

n. Pelews. 


o. Ladrones. 

p. Solomon. 

q. Carolines. 


r. Kuriles. 

s. Andaman. 

t. Nicobar. 


SEPARATE ISLES. 


1. Australia, or 9. 
New Holland. 10. 


2. Papua. 

3. Borneo. 


11 . 

12 . 


4. Madagascar. 13. 

5. Sumatra. 14. 

6. Niphon. 15. 

7. Celebes. 16. 

8. ’ Great Britain. 17. 


Nova Zembla. 18. 
Luzon. 

Saghalien. 19. 

Jesso. 20. 

Java. 21. 

Iceland. 22. 

Ceylon. 23. 

Mindanao. 24. 

Kiusiu. 

PENINSULAS. 


Van Diemen’s 
Land. 
Formosa. 
Sicily. 

Timor. 

Hainan. 

New Britain. 
New Ireland. 


C. Africa. 

2. Sweden. 

3. Arabia. 

4. Spain and Portugal. 


5. Kamtschatka. 

6. Malaya. 

7. Corea. 


CAPES. 


1. Good Hope. 

2. North. 

3. Lopatka. 

4. Verd. 


5. Taymour. 

6. Blanco. 

7. Comorin. 

8. Guardafui 


AND KEY. 


79 



CIECLES. 

J. Equator. M. Arctic Circle. 

K. Tropic of Cancer. N. Antarctic Circle. 

L. Tropic of Capricorn. 


C o nclusion. 


.It is believed, that if the pupil is thoroughly acquainted with all 
that is noticed in this Key, he will be better informed than thou- 
sands who have gone through large books. It is to be hoped, that 
the pupil has repeatedly drawn every small map of this book -on 
paper, and copied the large Outline Maps on the blackboard, so 
that, from memory, he can draw a decent outline of any country 
required. 

Should he be prepared for further progress, and should the 
teacher be unable to procure a more particular series of maps, he 
may take this series, and add all the places and other matters that 
are found in the largest school geographies. The Common School 
Geography of the author will be the best aid, because its plan is the 
same with this; the towns, rivers, &c., are arranged according to 
their importance, and nothing but what is purely geographical is 
admitted into the book. 







t 








i*i 


• ^’«;:kisdFht6«Braiit:3e= 


■4i '^. . . iJ -. 

'■lir^ 


LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 1 

0*041 

303 

1 390 * , 


WILLIAM B. 

No. 138^ Washingrton 

PUBT.13HES THE TOLLOWINCr SCHOOL 2 

THE COMMO^T t ilTIOOL JOURNAL, edited by HORACE MA^ N, Secretary of the 
setts Board of Education. Published semi-monthly at S 1)00, a year. 

LEO rURKS ON EDUCATION, by Horace Mann, 1 vol. Never before pubBMi^.; 

Ad<‘iit<:'d by the Board of Education as vol. 27 of their School Library. 

T ;1E (10MM0N SCHOOL SPELLER, by Wii. B. Fowle, recommended by Mr. Ma^'anig 
in The Scliool and Schoolmaster of Geo. B. Emerson and Dr. Potter; used in Salem,^Ne=p?»uary- 
port, Portsmouth, Portland, Bangor, Providence, Cambridge, Lynn, Springfield, aiKPhundredsjj 
of other towns ; the work, having passed through about thirty editions already. 

THE COMPANION OF SPELLING BOOKS, by Wm. B. Fowle , in which the Orthography 
anil meaniug of many tliousand words, most liable to be misspelled and misused, are nnprested* 
n on the memory by a series of exercises to be written tuj the j)u)>n. Recommended by Wm. 
Russell, and others, and extensively used in the best schools and ai-^iottiies, to promote indus- 
try, improve discipline,' and intri ducc the pupils to English Composition. 

THE COMMON SCHOf»L GRAMMAR, hy AVm. B. Fowle, Part First, illustrated by pic-' 
tiires, for Primary Schools. Part Second designed for Grammar and lUgli Schools. This' 
Grammar is peculiar for its simplicity, as well as for its thoroiighl 3 ’' practical tendency; the 
object being to compel the pupil to use the grammar and the language together, from the be- 
ginning. 

THE C'-’' Alois SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY, with an ATLAS, by AVm. B. Fowle. This Gco-_ 
graphy is imii'.e for Massachu.sctts schools especial] v, and lias about ten times as much t"* say of 
Massacliusetts .is is said in any other school geography. The mat ter, too, contained in the hook, 
is of such a permanent nature that a new edition cannot materiaiiy diiTcr from the old, so that 
a frequent cliange of books is rendered unnecessaiy . 

THE ELEAIENTARY GEOGRAPHY FOR MASSACUT'SETTS CHILDREN. This 
little work contains the Elements of General Geography for Primar}' Schools, but it is pecj 
in giving the (.4ci>y ' Cfiiiy and History of every town in Mas>-achusctts, that the child maj' kato 
something of Hqjc], as well as of remote countries. By MTii. B. Fowle. C 

THE BIBLE READER, a selection from the Old and New Testament, in the vciy wordii*i 
iSc-ripture, witliout note or comment. This selection is higlil.v recommended by the Rev. D 
Jeiiks, editor of the Comprehensive Commentary; the Rev.'Dr. Homer, late ofNetrton; the 
Rev. j. C. Abbot; the Rev. Dr. Frothiugham; and the Rev. Baron Stow, of Boston, <kc. &c. 
The book is adopted in f'harlestown, and other places disflnguished for the excellence of their: 
scliooLs. By AVm. B. Fowle. 

THE PRIAIART HEADER, a lively reading book, calculated to interest children, and make 
them natural and intelligent readers. B}’- AVm. B. Fowle. .-X 

THE CHIL])’S ARITHMETIC. A practical mental Arithmetic for Primary Schools, highly 
r '■ lumiended as an Introduction to Colburn’s First Lessons, in Palmm’’s Prize £s.say, and|ja 
li'v- St h-'.fi and Schoolmaster. Bj^ M'’m. B. FoAvle. > 

A PR i fCAT, FRENCH GRAMMAR for American Teachers, peculiar for its simpireity," 
its grad nail a h •> . il •; rules for pr>*nunciation, and other points which enable a teacher to 
instruct others, w id: .. Oily a learner Id. nself. By Wm. B. Fowle. 

THE FRENCH FIRST CLASS BOOK. Anew Selection of P’^se, Dialogues, and Poetry. 
An agreeable reading book, containing a greater varict}'- than any other of the kind, and chiefly 
from eminent mbdern writers. 

IlOIAN ANATOMY, in connection with PHYSIOLOGY, by Dr. J. F. W. Lane. 

POPE’S ESSAY ON MAN, a new and thoroughly revised edition, with notes. 

THE PRIMARY SCHOOL SONG BOOK, AND the AMERICAN SCHOOL SONG BOOK, 
for Co -mion Schools, on a new and simple plan. By Asa Fitz. 

More particular descriptions of the e books, with catalogues of suitable books for District 
Libraries, be obtained, gratis, at the Publisher’s Bookstore. 






